Yuri helped me. I hadn't the folder 'players' in main. As I added this folder with player files, the blackscreen after running CoD2 disappeared and I could play CoD2.
I had no compatibility changes. If I change it to WinXP SP2, then it will not show the blackscreen, it will show only my desktop.

But it takes a little bit time after CoD2 is loaded. Is that a Windows 10 bug?